Nicholas Roth, Mariana Budjeryn, Yanliang Pan, and Lili Voytovych explored the complex nuclear landscape, focusing on Russia’s nuclear signaling and its implications for European deterrence, while discussing the broader strategic dynamics involving major nuclear powers like the U.S. and China. The discussion covered various nuclear risks and security concerns, including the Ukraine conflict, missile defense architectures, and the occupation of Ukrainian nuclear facilities by Russian troops. The panelists also addressed public opinion in Europe regarding Russia’s nuclear threats, the challenges of nuclear diplomacy under the Trump administration, and Ukraine’s nuclear disarmament in the early 1990s.